1 April – 18 June

Explore the medieval world through the colours used and encountered in every day life. Enjoy the exhibition at The University of Nottingham Museum (admission free), or join us for the exhibition talk (free, but pre-booking is advised) or one of the drop-in workshops during half term week 30 May – 2 June.

Nottingham Lakeside Arts
University Park
Nottingham
NG7 2RD

Box Office
0115 846 7777

The Nottinghamshire Building Preservation Trust is seeking a development officer to replace the administrator who is retiring at the end of March 2017.

The Position is for a self-employed, self-motivated person to help the Trustees/Directors to expand the influence of the Trust by increasing membership of Friends of NBPT, applying for Grants and publicising the Trust on social media and in traditional format.

The Trust is a charity and limited company based in Southwell with management meetings every quarter and separate monthly Committee meetings. The applicant would be expected to work at least 6 hours each week in the Trust office, any additional time spent either at home or in the office up to 16 hours per week by agreement. Remuneration for the right person is negotiable up to a maximum of £6,000 per annum.

Full details can be found on Facebook and the News page of the Trust’s website – www.nbpt.co.uk.

Applications with full CV should be emailed to the Trust at  nbpt@btclick.com or posted to the office at The Minster Centre, Church Street, Southwell, Nottinghamshire NG25 0HD by Monday, 6^th March, 2017.

2017 will be the 500th anniversary of Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses and the beginnings of the Reformations in Britain and Europe. To mark the event, there will be a one-day conference on the impact of the Reformations on the East Midlands, co-sponsored by East Midlands History and Heritage, held at De Montfort University, Leicester.

This will be the first of a series of day events promoted by EMHH on the history and heritage of the region.

We would like to bring together local historians, archaeologists, post-graduate students and academics to examine the impact of the Reformations and religious change on the people and communities of the East Midlands region.

If you are working on any aspect of the religious history of the East Midlands in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, or if you would like to come along to the conference, we would be interested in hearing from you.

We would welcome 20 minute presentations, 5 minute presentations, posters and displays. Topics might include:

•  Impact on the parish and parish churches
•  Dissolution of the monasteries and religious houses
• Individual writers, preachers and religious reformers
• Changes in religious belief and ideas of communities/individuals
• Material and visual culture of religious change
• Impact on townscapes and landscapes
• Sources useful for Reformation studies
• Catholicism under the Tudors.

But there are many other areas of life that might also be examined.

If you are interested in attending and/or participating, please contact Prof Elizabeth Tingle at De Montfort University. Email: Elizabeth.tingle@dmu.ac.uk

Are you ready for access-all-hours history, whenever you want it, wherever you want it? With its bite-sized features and a brand new episode a week, you’re ready for Viral History!

Shot at the medieval Holme Pierrepont Hall, and on location around the UK, hosts Paul Bradshaw and Lauren Gray unveil the latest history headlines and quiz special guests as they explore all things history.

Viral History will release every Thursday at 7pm GMT (12 p.m. PT) on the official Viral History YouTube Channel, viral-history.com and social media channels, including Facebook and Twitter. So don’t worry, if you’re on planet Earth with access to the internet, you’ll have plenty of ways to watch!

“There’s a real appetite for history news and information right now and for the foreseeable future,” Paul Bradshaw, Content Creator and host of Viral History said. “Viral History will be the place where history students, enthusiasts and academics – both young and old – can engage with every aspect of this fascinating subject in fun, engaging and authentic ways.”

Viral History content will be shareable, too, so you can keep friends and family up-to-date with your latest history discoveries!

Viral History will cover exclusive history news and stories, television shows, books, fan culture, art, and more. Special guests, including well-known historians and writers, will be featured weekly to talk about their work, reveal little-known stories from the past, offer behind-the-scenes looks at exhibitions and events, and more. In other words, if it’s history related, it’ll be on Viral History.

Stay tuned to viral-history.com for more on Viral History!

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1ntVSoznwZClACSAsEg_-g

Danny’s talks and courses celebrate the history of the Victorian age. There is also a strong focus on the Derbyshire Dales, Staffordshire Moorlands & London’s East End. His aim is to unlock the past, discovering, stimulating and creating a greater understanding of these areas.

Danny Wells is a history enthusiast,  qualified as a history teacher in the 1970s and has spent 25 years in community development.

He has an MA Degree in Architectural History (University of Keele) and his particular interests are social and cultural history with a focus on Victorian England.

‘Breathing Life into History’ was established in 2004

Current talks with a focus on Gardening

• Art of the Garden – One Hundred Years of Gardens in British Art c 1850-1950 –  Gardens have proved to be a rich source of inspiration for artists. This illustrated talk is a celebration and appreciation of paintings of British gardens in the Victorian age and first half of the 20^th century. We will explore symbolism within the paintings and issues relating to society, culture and style.
• The English and Gardening – A social history of an English obsession – Gardening is arguably the most popular activity in contemporary Britain. This talk will explore meanings and symbolism invested in gardens. The main focus for these two talks will be Georgian and Victorian Britain and the first half of the 20^th century.
• Joseph Paxton – The busiest man in England – From a humble Bedfordshire background Paxton became the Head Gardener at Chatsworth in Derbyshire by the age of 23. ‘Ask Paxton’ was the advice given to anyone in any kind of difficulty following his incredible design of the ‘Crystal Palace’ for the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park in 1851. But there is so much more to the man for whom Charles Dickens described as a workaholic ‘whosevery leisure would kill a man of leisure with its hard work’. A titan of the Victorian era.

Current talks with a focus on Christmas

• Art of the Christmas Card – One Hundred Years of the Christmas Card c.1840s-1940s -The first Christmas Card appeared in Britain in the 1840s. By the 1880s following the invention of the chromolithographic process and developments within the postal system, millions were being exchanged each year. We will explore their art and changes in styles through to the Edwardian Age, WW1, inter-war period and up to WW11.
• The Victorians and the Christmas Season – This talk explores the influence of the Victorians on Christmas as we know it today. The Victorians repackaged older traditions and customs that suited their new sensibilities, ideas and concerns. It is said the Victorians: ‘mixed the ingredients of the English Christmas to create an extremely rich plum pudding’. Many of these changes took place early in Victoria’s reign, including the arrival of the Christmas Card, the Christmas Cracker and new-found popularity of the Christmas Tree. We will explore why and how the Victorians re-energised and transformed the festive season.

Danny Wells, Breathing Life into History, www.history-talks.co.uk 

Phone 01335 350536 or email danny.wells@history-talks.co.uk

A national conference of groups and individuals interested in the development and promotion of Christian heritage in its forms will be held at The Well, Retford, on March 10th starting at 10.30. This is a free event although you are asked to contribute to the cost of lunch. There will be a range of speakers and discussions focusing on practical issues involved in managing the growing interest in this area. This is the second of our efforts to promote Nottinghamshire’s involvement with developing ideas of religious tolerance, following on from the recent Radio 4 broadcast.

If you’d like to attend please email mm.watkins@btinternet.com to express interest, including brief information about your own areas of activity. Or you can ring Adrian Gray on 07470366689 to discuss.

Adrian Gray
Historical adviser and director, Pilgrims and Prophets
07470366689
www.facebook.com/PilgrimsAndProphets/
www.pilgrimsandprophets.co.uk/

Bob Massey can be found at www.bobmassey.info/415325374  and contacted at email on bob.m.massey@gmail.com or phone 0115 9263626,

He is a retired Theatre Consultant who has planned many theatres and performance spaces through out the world. Alongside his consultancy work he was, for 30 years, Technical Manager of a Theatre in Nottingham, running shows and organising events for the visiting artists. As a lighting designer for over 40yrs ,he lit all types of shows from drama to musicals.

He is also a Historian with an interest in Local History and World War Two Airforces as well as the history of the Moving Image and of course theatre subjects.

He has been teaching at various university’s and colleges around the country, as he is a qualified tutor and Lecturer. As well as a member of Local History Groups he is also a member of cinema, theatre and aircraft research groups and industry organisations serving on many committees.

He has taught local history, computer and theatre subjects on courses around the country for over 30yrs. He regularly writes articles on these subjects for magazines and trade publications.

He has appeared in programmes on television and radio on local history projects as well as in the local press.

He has recently published two volumes on the history of Arnold and Mapperley Nottingham and the surrounding villages. Details can be found on the MY BOOKS page

He is available for courses and talks, all talks illustrated with pictures and /or video clips. As I research more courses this provides material for various other talks on similar themes. Please ask for an update.

General

• Traditional Christmas: How our British traditions of the Christmas season came about
• Fascinating Felines: The sometime unusual story of our furry pet the cat
• Snippets from History: stories and tales from north Nottingham
• Turn again: The real story of Dick Whitington Lord Mayor of London
• Little miss sure shot: the true story of Annie Oakley “the greatest shot in the world”
• The cup thaty cheers !: The fascinating story of our national drink Tea
• Are you sitting comfortably: The story of the beginnings of children’s radio and television.
• The Mary Celeste:The real story of the maritime mystery
• The Real Biggles: The life and times of W E Johns First World War Pilot and writer of the Biggles stories
• Battledress and Greasepaint : Variety entertainment for the armed forces during World War Two.
• ENSA and stars in Battledress
• Gone in two and half hours: The loss of the White Star liner Titanic that hit an iceberg
• Women and Children First: the sinking of the troop ship Birkenhead
• Tricks of Light and Colour: . The story of Optical illusions that fool the eye and brain
• More Tricks of Light and Colour. Further optical illusions that fool the eye and brain
• Victorian Optical Toys: Toys that lead to the development of movies
• Nursery Rhymes: their strange stories, meanings and origins
• Dick Turpin: The story of the real man and not just the legend
• Houdini Highwayman: Jack Sheppard Highwayman, robber and jail breaker an 18th century peoples hero
• Glen Miller: Bandleader extraordinaire; his life and mysterious death
• The Dance Band Era on Film: The story of Famous British bands of the 20s and 30s recorded on film
• Hearts of Oak : Women, who over the centuries, masqueraded as men to join the military
• Violet Jessop: Stewardess, World War One Nurse and survivor of the sinking of the SS Titanic and SS Britannic
• Then They were Gone: Unexplained Mysterious deaths and disappearances of people over the years.
• Beside the seaside beside the sea: the history of seaside entertainment
• Down to the sea: the story of the British love of the seaside.
• Nottingham On Sea: A sketch history of the town of Skegness
• Catch phrase?: the meaning and origin of some well know sayings that we all use every day
• John Robinson and Home Brewery: The story of the Nottingham Daybrook brewery firm
• Samuel Robinson and Daybrook laundry: The story of the Robinson family and the laundry.
• Wind, Milling and Bread: a local story of the history of bread and milling
• Up the Flue : The strange history of Chimneys and Chimney sweeps:
• Herbert Ponting: Photographer, Film maker, war correspondent and explorer with Capt Scott in the Antarctic
• Bread or Beer: How man changed for ever; the history of the start of farming.
• The biggest Worsted mill: The story of Hawksley and Davison and the start of the industrial revolution
• Let there be light : The Illuminating history of lights and lighting

Local History General

• Gone but not forgotten: some of the Lost buildings of Nottinghamshire
• Goose Fair on Film: part 1 in the square; The story, Historic film and pictures of Nottingham’s own
• Goose Fair on Film: part 2 on the forest; The story, Historic film and pictures of Nottingham’s own
• Muriel and Bert: Jessie Chambers, D H Lawrence’s first girlfriend at Swinhouse farm and their relationship.
• Pints and Pubs: The long history of beer and beer houses
• W H Higginbottom Architect: The unknown designer of many Nottinghamshire’s public buildings
• Getting about: moving from place to place; History of transport of people and goods
• Smashing the frames: the story of the start and finish of the Luddites frame breaking in Nottinghamshire
• Before Waterloo: The effects of the Napoleonic Wars on the people of a small English town
• Searching Family History: using the internet, libraries and other resources to uncover history
• Horsemen and Footpads : the story of Highwaymen and robbers through the ages
• Luke Barton: the unknown Arnold inventor who brought us modern socks and stockings
• The 3Rs : the early history of how education for everyone started.
• Richard Parkes Bonington: Artist, founder of the English school of painting born in Arnold Nottingham

Local History Nottingham area

• The Rubeam Rodam: the history of 4 and half miles of one of the oldest roads in the country
• Murder, Mystery and Mayhem: stories of dark deeds and strange events in the Nottingham Villages
• More Murder, Mystery and Mayhem: Further stories of dark deeds and strange events
• Law and order: the history of policing in Nottinghamshire
• People and Places: how some people from Nottinghamshire shaped the areas history
• The Forest; its Highway Robbery!: Robbers and Robbery on the lonely stretch of the road north through Sherwood Forest Nottingham
• Hows That!!!?: Arnolds international cricketing elite in the 19th century

World War One

• The VADS : The Voluntary Aid Detachment and Auxiliary Hospitals in World War One
• Arnot Hill Auxiliary Hospital: Arnot Hill House Arnolds Auxiliary Hospital of World War One
• Up and At Em: Royal Flying Corp from its formation into war 1911-1914
• Wings over the Somme: The story of the Royal Flying Corp and the Royal Naval Air Service and the battles of the Somme

Cinema

• Silent laughter on the silver screen.: the stories of Early comedy stars of the silent cinema.
• The Tudor and the Moths: The story of the Tudor Cinema West Bridgford Nottingham.
• Selling on film: the earliest adverts on film from the beginning of the cinema
• Victorian Optical Toys: Toys that lead to the development of the movies
• Living pictures: The earliest films and the start of the Cinema from 1895 to 1913
• Earliest 20th century British film makers: Haggar, Hepworth, Paul and others who developed the early cinema
• The Music Hall on film: Film clips and stories of some of our music Hall acts
• More Music Hall on film: Further film clips and stories of some of our music Hall acts
• Variety at War: on Film: Film and stories of Acts from the Second World War who kept up our moral
• Fred and Ginger: the life and times of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rodgers.

Theatre

• Exit stage left: Stories from my life in the theatre, designing and working on stages and entertainment venues
• “Can you hear me mother:” life and times of comedian Sandy Powell
• ‘If it Wasn’t for the Houses in Between’ : Gus Elen music hall entertainer and ‘coster’ comedian
• *Theatre tricks and Illusions: Some stage lighting tricks and theatre effects used in shows.
• *(Requires full Blackout and extra set up time)
• Beside the seaside beside the sea: the history of seaside and growth of entertainment
• The Sun, Naked Flames and the Theatre:: The history of lighting the stage from earliest times to the present day.
• Entertaining Arnold: The history of live entertainment in Arnold
• Painting with light: The art of stage lighting, how its done
• W J Furse Theatre Division: the history of the UKs oldest theatre equipment supplier
• Thorn Lighting Theatre Division: the story of the inventors of modern electronic stage and television lighting
• When we meet again: the story of Vera Lynn singer, film star and forces sweetheart.

Aircraft

• The Dragon has Wings: The Hong Kong Volunteer Defense Corp Air Unit: the history of a unique airforce
• British Aircraft in the Spanish Civil War: British Aircraft in the rehearsal for World War Two
• Small Airforces of the British Empire: How they played their vital part in World War Two
• Aerial defenders of Burma and Malaya: The Burma and Malayan Volunteer Airforces and World War Two
• Up and At Em: Royal Flying Corp from its formation into war 1911-1914
• AA Mechanics in the Air: The unknown story of the Air Arm of the Automobile Association
• Thats an odd one: unusual aircraft designed by the allied and axis forces in world war two
• Wings over the Somme: The story of the Royal Flying Corp and the Royal Naval Air Service and the battles of the Somme

Computers

• From Abacus to PCs; the history of computers
• Why should I use a computer I don’t need one: an introduction to what computers do for you and why you need one.
• *The next two talks require an internet connection if possible
• *Searching History: using computers, the internet and libraries to uncover local and family history
• *The internet: A source of entertainment, information and wonder!

Talks on Local History of the Arnold area

• The Cinemas of Arnold: The history of the cinema in a small town
• More Cinemas of Arnold: The further history of the cinema in a small town
• The Cinemas of Mapperley: The cinema in a Nottingham suburb
• The Cinemas of Carlton: The cinema comes to the Urban District
• More Cinemas of Carlton : The cinema comes to the Urban District
• Cinemas of Netherfield: The cinema comes to the Urban District
• Ernhale to Arnold: The General History of the town and village of Arnold part 1:
• Ernhale to Arnold: The General History of the town and village of Arnold part 2:
• From Iron age to Iron horse; Arnolds history from earliest times to the industrial revolution
• From fee to Free , Education in a small town: the history of early education and schools
• The old Bonington : The history of Arnold largest cinema and theatre
• Estate to Public Park: The history of Arnot Hill Park Arnold
• The Wakes of Arnold: history, film and photos of the annual parades and celebrations in Arnold
• Arnold on film: historic film of Arnold times and events .
• Grinding the Grain: History of Arnolds windmills
• Inns, Taverns and Pubs of Arnold;. The history of the pubs of Arnold
• More Inns, Taverns and Pubs of Arnold;. The further history of the pubs of Arnold
• Even More Inns, Taverns and Pubs of Arnold. The further history of the pubs of Arnold
• Arnolds painters: The lives of 4 different artists with a local Arnold connection
• Country Retreat: the houses of the great and good of Arnold
• Water water every where : the story of wells to piped water in Arnold
• Making Arnold work, the development of a town: The history of work in Arnold Nottingham
• Entertaining Arnold: The history of live entertainment in a small town
• Mapperley as it was: Mapperley Nottingham Its past in pictures
• Forgotten schools of Arnold: the history of earliest schools for the great and good in Arnold
• Royalty in Arnold: Royal visits to Arnold over the years
• Moria House: The history of this house and the people who lived there.

James Wright

James Wright FSA is an archaeologist and historian based at the University of Nottingham  With over twenty years of professional experience, he has published two books and a string of popular and academic articles concentrating on the British Mediaeval and Early Modern periods. He is a very proficient public speaker and has spoken to a wide variety of organisations including a large number of local history societies, LAMAS, Thoroton Society, WEA, Thames Discovery Programme, Nottinghamshire Local History Association, U3A, Lowdham Book Festival and the Fortean Society. He has also been invited to speak by the University of Nottingham, Gresham College, Shakespeare400, Museum of London, Historic Royal Palaces and the National Trust. He presents in a clear and conversational style (without notes or script) and readily uses illustrative slides throughout his lectures. The talks are adaptable and can be presented to novice, mid-level or expert audiences. Please feel free to make contact in order to discuss a specific booking for a lecture, workshop or conference.

Please feel free to make contact in order to discuss a specific booking for a lecture , workshop or conference. james.wright@nottingham.ac.uk or jpwarchaeology@hotmail.co

His current topics are: 

A Palace For Our Kings – The History and Archaeology of a Mediaeval Royal Palace in Sherwood Forest Based on the widely selling book of the same name. 

Rock of Ages, Mediaeval Stonemasons: The Architects of Europe – A talk on historic stone masonry and the men who shaped not only the material but the architectural appearance of the Mediaeval period.

Cultural Anxieties and Ritual Protection in High Status Early Modern Houses – The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were marked by a radical increase in the numbers of accusations of witchcraft throughout Europe.

Tattershall Castle, Building a History – Currently the subject of a three year piece of doctoral research, Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire is familiar to many as an iconic Mediaeval brick tower constructed for Ralph Cromwell, Lord Treasurer of England.

William Shakespeare, Henry V and the manipulation of history – Contrasting real history with Shakespeare’s play on the life of Henry V, this lecture looks at aspects of the true story of the battle of Agincourt which are often overlooked.

Historic Graffiti, The Hidden Story of the Hopes, Fears and Desires of a Nation – Modern graffiti is often seen as transgressive and moronic. However, look closely in the light of a torch at the walls of our historic buildings, trees, caves and rock-faces and you will see a world of graffiti left that illuminates the psychology of our ancestors .

Castles of Nottinghamshire – Looks in detail at the lesser known earthworks and ruins of lost castles and fortified manor houses in the county.

Recent discoveries of ritual protection marks at Knole, Kent – An historic building survey at Knole, Kent enabled a very surprising revelation about the history of the house in the early 17th century.

Excavating a lost Mediaeval fortified manor house at Strelley Hall, Nottinghamshire –Construction work at the idyllic eighteenth century Strelley Hall led to the chance discovery of the remains of a much older precursor.

One Day Workshops Recording and Analysing Historic Buildings – A series of taught discussion seminar s across a six hour period looking at how buildings archaeologists assess and understand the fabric of our historic buildings on site.

An Introduction to Ecclesiastical Architecture – A combination of discussion seminars, formal lectures and a guided tour introducing the subject of the archaeology and architecture of chapels, churches, monasteries and cathedrals.

Please get in contact to discuss specific fees and expenses which are always based on a case by case situation according to the location and duration of the event. Email: james.wright@nottingham.ac.uk / jpwarchaeology@hotmail.co.uk

Brian Binns

Brian Binns is a Nottingham born amateur genealogist who through his researches has developed talks about two of his ancestors which have a far wider and overall Nottinghamshire appeal.

The story of Brian’s entrepreneurial grandfather involves tales of libel, death threats and other legal scrapes; but also highlights a previously undiscovered major social problem in Nottingham in the mid-war years. It ends with developments at Nottingham by the sea and is littered with lots of local references and filled with irreverent humour.

The account of the Campion family is in itself a history of industrial growth in Nottingham from the 1850s through to the 1950s and rightly places this little-known hosiery machine, cycle and motor cycle manufacturer amongst the more familiar Nottingham names. Individual members of the Campion family were themselves very important locally.

Charges for talks will fit in with local society rates – Brian really just enjoys getting his message out there and can fit in with last-minute requests. Contact on bnbinns@gmail.com

Documents from Medieval and Early Modern England from the National Archives in London
digitized and displayed through The O’Quinn Law Library of the University of Houston Law Center by license of the National Archives sponsored by the University of Houston Law Center and by the University of Houston Department of History.

August 2015: 9,250,000 frames of historical material

http://aalt.law.uh.edu/IndexPri.html

The AALT website is the product of a series of negotiations over fifteen years, all oriented to make the resources of the National Archives more accessible to the general scholarly audience at no charge. All the negotiations have sought to make use of the substantial resources attached to the Cullen Chair of History and Law to secure that result. After the latest and only successful negotiation, AALT’s licence was finally signed on August 3, 2006. However, since it was clear as early as January, 2006 that an agreement was possible, acquisition of material began at that time.

The licence determines the possible content of the website. Roughly, the contents can range between the dates 1272 and 1800 and cover the major legal and financial series of documents.

Acquisition of content has continued and will continue; additional series hopefully will be brought under the license regularly.

The website is financially well endowed and run through a the O’Quinn Law Library, so that the continuance of the website does not depend on the continuing interest of an individual or the annual allocation of funds. It will therefore be a stable and dependable academic research resource.

The work on AALT during its first year of acquisition came from Robert C. Palmer, the current Cullen Professor of History and Law at the University of Houston (responsible for funding, administration of the website, webpage writing and content, and acquisition of Latin materials) and Elspeth K. Palmer, currently a graduate student in English literature at the University of Texas at Austin (responsible for acquisition of English language materials, webpage templates, and graphics). In 2007 they were joined by Susanne Jenks, an independent scholar from Germany, and Lori Assa, a photographer from the USA living in London. Failure of an NEH grant application in 2010 meant that Lori had to depart for the time being. The NEH grant application has been renewed.

In 2009 we began a vigorous upgrade of the site, at first by adding in better navigational guides visible on the thumbnail screens. We also added to the license various of the IND1 series to provide as much indexing as possible. In 2010 we have been successful in initiating volunteer work on new indexing. We hope that in 2011 we will initiate a wiki site for data accumulation.
The project is designed as a template for low cost, quantity acquisition and free supply. The cameras used are standard, readily available versions of the Canon camera line, at first the Powershot S70, then the Powershot S80 with a better range of resolution. Even the acquisitions made with the S70 are sufficiently clear that it is not necessary to re-photograph them at a better resolution. Scanning the images would have produced very high quality images, but at an enormous, indeed prohibitive cost. The argument from the beginning has been that such projects should aim to produce images that are of sufficient quality to enable research, not perfect images: resources should be arranged to increase the overall possibilities for research.

AALT will post finding aids of various kinds and qualities as they become available. The aim is to make this website as functional a research site as possible. Suggestions for finding aids will be gladly received.

The AALT website is not restricted to English material from the National Archives or indeed even to English materials, although the actual work of acquisition is restricted to such materials. If others want to contibute to the general endeavor at other archives and only lack the resources to run a website, the intention of this website is to be available, as long as the material is legally oriented and subscribes to the general standards set down here. Should the materials offered eventually exceed the storage capacity available, the site has the resources beyond its permanent endowment to purchase additional servers.